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4. Relational Database Design and SQL
E-R diagrams and their transformation to relational design, normalization—1NF, 2NF,
3NF, BCNF and 4NF. Limitations of 4NF and BCNF.

SQL : Data Definition Language (DDL). Data Manipulation Language (DML). Data Control Language (DCL) commands. Database objects like—Views, indexes, sequences, synonyms,
data dictionary.

5. Data and File structures
Data. Information, Definition of data structure. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs, priority queues and heaps.

File Structures : Fields, records and files. Sequential, direct, index-sequential and relative files. Hashing, Inverted lists and multi-lists. B trees and B+ trees.

6. Computer Networks
Network fundamentals : Local Area Networks (LAN) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), Wireless Networks. Intel Networks.

Reference Models : The OSI model. TCP/IP model.

Data Communication : Channel capacity. Transmission media—twisted pair, coaxial cables, fibre-optic cables, wireless transmission—radio, microwave. Infrared and millimeter waves.

Lightwave transmission. Telephones— local loop, trunks multiplexing, switching, narrowb and ISDN. broadband ISDN, ATM, High speed LANS. Cellular Radio. Communication satellites—geosynchronous and low-orbit.

Internetworking : Switch/Hub. Bridge, Router. Gateways. Concatenated virtual circuits, Tunnelling, Fragmentation. Firewalls.

Routing : Virtual circuits and datagrams. Routing algorithms. Conjestlon control.

Network Security : Cryptography—public key, secret key. Domain Name System (DNS)—Electronic Mall and Worldwide Web (WWW). The DNS. Resource Records, Name servers.     E-mall-architecture and Serves.