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7. System Software and Compilers
Assembly language fundamentals (8085 based assembly language programming). Assemblers—2-pass and single-pass. Macros and macroprocessors.

Loading, linking, relocation, program relocatability. Linkage editing. Text editors. Programming Environments. Debuggers and program generators.

Compilation and Interpretation. Bootstrap compilers. Phases of compilation process. Lexical analysis. Lex package on Unix system.

Context free grammars. Parsing and parse trees. Representation of parse (derivation) trees as rightmost and leftmost derivations. Bottom up parsers—shift-reduce, operator precedence, and LR. YACC package on Unix system.

Topdown parsers—left recursion and its removal. Recursive descent parser. Predictive parser, Intermediate codes—Quadruples. Triples, Intermediate code generation. Code generation. Code
optimization.

8. Operating Systems (with Case Study of Unix)
Main functions of operating systems. Multiprogramming, multiprocessing, and multitasking. Memory Management: Virtual memory, paging, fragmentation.

Concurrent Processing : Mutual exclusion. Critical regions, lock and unlock.

Scheduling : CPU scheduling, I/O scheduling. Resource scheduling. Deadlock and scheduling algorithms. Banker’s algorithm for deadlock handling.

The Unix System: File system, process management, bourne shell, shell variables, command
line programming.

Filters and Commands: Pr, head, tail, cut, paste, sort, uniq, tr, join, etc., grep, egrep, fgrep, etc., sed, awk, etc.

System Calls (like) : Creat, open, close, read, write, iseek, link, unlink, stat, fstat, umask, chmod, exec, fork, wait, system.