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CSIR Syllabus

Earth Sciences Part II continued

5. METEOROLOGY 

i. Climatology  :  Fundamental principles of climatology; Earth – sun relationship; earth’s radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation.  Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variations of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation; air masses notably monsoons, and jet streams, tropical cyclones, and cloud formation, classification of climates;  Koppen’s and Thornthwalte’s schemes as applicable to India.  Climatic zones of India.  Hydrological cycle and water balance.  Climate change green house warming stratospheric

ii. Palaeoclimatology of the atmosphere and its composition.  Radiation basic Laws – Raleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar constant, effect of clouds, surface and planetary albedo.  Emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer, Greenhouse effect, net radiation budget;  Derivation of radiance parameters from satellite observations.  Thermodynamics of dry and moist air specific gas constant, Adiabatic and Non adiabatic processes, antropy and enthaiphy, Moisture variables, virtual Temperature, Clausius – Clapeynon equation, adiabatic process of a moist air; thermodynamic diagram.  Emagram, T-log p and Stuve diagrams.  Hydrostatic equilibrium, Hydrostatic equation, variation of pressure with height, geopotential, standard atmosphere, Vertical stability of the atmosphere; Dry and moist air parcel and slice methods.  Entrainment, Bubble theory, Diurnal variation of lapse rate, convection in the atmosphere.

iii. Atmospheric Electricity  :  Fair weather electric field in the atmosphere and potential gradients, ionization in the atmosphere, conduction currents, air-earth currents, point discharge currents.  Electrical fields in thundersome, theories of thunderstorm electrification, lighting discharges.

iv. Cloud Physics  :  Cloud classification, condensation nuclei, growth of cloud drops and ice-crystals, precipitation mechanisms; Bergenon, Findeisen process, coalescence process, Precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation, rain-drop spectra, radar echoes of half, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall.