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CSIR Syllabus

Earth Sciences Part II Continued

v. Dynamical Meterology  :  Basic equations and fundamental forces; Pressure gravity, centripetal and coriolls forces, continuity equation and isobaric coordinates.  Momentum equations in scale analysis, Geotrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind.  Divergence and vertical motion, Rossby, Richarrison, Froude numbers.  Circulation vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese circulation and applications, Vorticity and divergences equations, Scale analysis, Potential vorticity, stream function, Mixing length theory, planetary boundary layer equations, surface layer, Exmann layer, addy transport of heat, water vapour and momentum, Richardson criterion. Linear perturbation theory; Internal and external gravity waves, Inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves, wave motion in the tropics, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities; Taylor – Goldatien instability,  Fjortazt, Howard and Pedlosky.  Atmospheric energetics; Kinetic, potential and internal energies – Conversion of potential and internal energies into Kinetic energy, available potential energy.

vi. Numerical Weather Prediction  :  Computational instability, filtering of sound and gravity waves, forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two parameter baroclinic model, relaxation method, Two layer primitive equation model; short, medium and long range weather prediction models; objective analysis; data for use in weather prediction models; data assimilation techniques.

vii. General Circulation and Climate Modelling  :  Observed zonality symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momemtum and energy, angular momemtum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation, standing eddies; east-west circulations in tropics; climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, ENSO, OBO and sunspot  cycles.  Basic principles of general circulation modeling; Grid-point and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modeling; interannual variability of ocean fields ( SST, winds, circulation, etc.)  and its relationship with monsoon, concepts of ocean – atmosphere coupled models.

viii. Synoptic Mateorology  :  Synoptic charts, Weather observations and transmission.  Analysis of surface, upper air and other derivative charts.  Stream lines, isotachs and countour analysis; tilt and slops of pressure / weather systems with height.  Synoptic weather forecasting.  Prediction of Weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum temperature and log; hazardous weather elements like thunderstorms, dates of onset, and withdrawal of monsoons, break monsoon, formation and movement of western disturbances, depressions and tropical cyclones; intensification, weakening, deepening and filling of surface pressure systems.  Air masses and fronts; Sources, origin and classification of air masses; classification of fronts, Ironlogensis and Irontolysis; structure of cold and warm fronts; Extra tropical synoptic scale features; jet streams, extratropical cyclones; anticyclones and blockings.  Tropical synoptic meteorology; Trade wind inversion; ITCZ; monsoon trough; Tropical cyclones, their structure and development theory; Monsoon depressions; tropical easterly jet stream; Somali Jet; Waves in easterlies; western disturbances; SW and NE Monsoons; synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, break, active and weak monsoons.

i x. Aviation Meteorology  :  Meteorological hazards to aviation; take-off; landing, inflighticing, turbuience, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms.

x. Satellite Meteorology  :  Meteorological satellites; Polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, Visible and infrared radiometers, multiscanner ratiometers, identification of synoptic systems, fog and sandsforms, detection of cyclones, estimation of SST and cloud top temperatures, winds, and rainfall, temperature and humidity soundings