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CSIR Syllabus Life Sciences

Paper II

22. Microbial fermentation ;  Antibiotics, organic acids and vitamins ;  Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes ; Symbiotic and asymblotic N2 – fixation ; Microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage ; Microbes as pathological agents in plants, animals and man ;  General design and applications of a biofermenter.  Biofertilizer.

23. Antigen :  Structure and functions of different clauses of immunoglobulins ; Primary and secondary immune response ;  Lymphocytes and accessory cells ;  Humoral and cell mediated immunity ;  MHC ; Mechanism of immune response and generation of immunological diversity ;  Genetic ______ of immune response ;  Elector mechanisms ; Applications of immunological techniques.

24. Enzyme Kinetics ( negative and positive cooperativity ) ;  Regulation of enzymatic activity ;  Active sites ; Coenzymes ; Activators and inhibitors, isoenzymes, allosteric enzymes, Ribozyme and abzyme.

25.   Van der Waal’s electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction ;  Primary structure and proteins and nucleic acids ; Conformation of proteins and polypeptides ( secondary Tartiary quaternary and domain structure );  Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot ;  Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA ;  Structure of carbohydrates, polysacohanides, glyceproteins and peptide – glycans ;  Helixcoli transition ;  Energy terms in biopolymer conformational calculation.

26. Glycolysis and TCA cycle ;  Glycogen breakdown and synthesis ; Gluconeogenesis ; Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses ; Amino acid metabolism ;  Coordinated control of metabolism ; Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidinas ;  Oxidation of lipids ;  Biosynthesis of fatty acids ;  Trigfycandes ; Phospholipids ; Sterols.

27. Energy metabolism ( concept of free energy ) ; Thermodynamic principles in biology ; Energy rich bonds ; Weak interactions ; Coupled reactions and oxidative phosphorylations ; Group transfer ; Biological energy transducers ;  Bioenergietics.

28. Fine structure of gene, Eukaryotic genome organization ( structure of chromalin ; coding and non coding sequences, satellite DNA ) ; DNA damage and repair, DNA replication, amplification and rearrangements.

29. Organization of transcriptional units ;  Mechanism of transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes ; RNA processing ( capping, polyadenylation, splicing, introns and exons ) ; Ribonuleoproteins, structure of mRNA ; Genetic code and protein synthesis.

31. Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer ; Oncongenes ; Chemical carcinogenesis ; Genetic and metabolic disorders : Hormonal imbalances ; Drug metabolism and detoxification ; Genetic load and genetic counseling.

32. Lysogeny and lytic cycle in bacteriophages ; Bacterial transformation ; Host cell restriction ; Transduction ; Complementation ;  Molecular recombination ; DNA ligases ; Topoisomarases ; Gyrases ; Methylases ; Nucleases ; Restriction endonucleases ; Plasmids and bacteriophage base vectors for cDNA and genomic libraries.

33. Principles and methods of genetic engineering and Gene targeting ;  Applications in agriculture, health and industry.

34. Cell and tissue culture in plants and animals ; Primary culture ; Cell line ; Cell ciones ; Cellus cultures ; Somaclonal variation ; Micropropagation ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Haploidy ; Protoplast fusion and somatic hydridization ; Cybrides ; Genetransfer methods in plants and in animals; Transgenic biology ; Allopheny ; Artificial seeds ; Hybridoma technology.

35. Structure and organization of membranes Glycoconjugates and proteins in membrane systems ; Ion transport, Na + / K + ATPase ; Molecular basis of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and animals.  Model membranes.

36. Principles and application of light, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Cytophotometry and flow cytometry, fixation and staining.

37. Principles and applications of gel-filtration, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography ; Thin layer and gas chromatography ; High pressure liquid ( HPLC ) chromatography ; Electrophoresis and electrofocussing ; Ultracentrifugation ( velocity and buoyant).

38. Principles and techniques of nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves ; Sequencing of Proteins and nucleic acids ; Southern, Northern and South-Western blotting techniques ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Methods for measuring nucleic acid and protein interactions.

39. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymer structure, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, UV, GRO, CO, Visible, NMR and ESR spectroscopy ; Hydrodynamic methods, Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy.

40. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology ;  Radiation dosimetry ; Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes ; Effect of radiation on biological system ; Autoradiography ; Cerenkoy radiation ; Liquid spectrometry.

41. Principles and practice of statistical methods in biological research ; samples and populations ; Basic statistics – average, statistics of dispersion, coefficient of variation ; Standard error ; Confidence limits ; Probability distributions  binomial, Poisson and normal ; Tests of statistical significance ; Simple correlation of regression ;  Analysis of variance.